Qhov nyuaj ntawm silage yog txawv vim muaj ntau hom nroj tsuag, theem kev loj hlob thiab tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Rau cov nroj tsuag raw cov ntaub ntawv uas nyuaj rau silage (tsawg carbohydrate cov ntsiab lus, dej siab, siab buffering), semi-dry silage, mix silage los yog additive silage feem ntau yuav siv tau.
Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm methyl (ant) acid silage yog ib txoj hauv kev siv cov kua qaub silage txawv teb chaws. Norway muaj ze li ntawm 70 silage ntxivformic acid, Tebchaws Askiv txij li xyoo 1968 kuj tau siv dav, nws qhov ntau npaum li cas yog 2.85 kg ib tuj ntawm silage raw khoom ntxiv.85 formic acid, Tebchaws Asmeskas ib tuj ntawm silage raw khoom ntxiv 90 formic acid 4.53 kg. Tau kawg, tus nqi ntawmformic acidNws txawv nrog nws cov concentration, qhov nyuaj ntawm silage thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm silage, thiab qhov sib ntxiv yog feem ntau 0.3 mus rau 0.5 ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm silage raw khoom, los yog 2 mus rau 4ml / kg.
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Formic acid yog ib tug muaj zog acid nyob rau hauv cov organic acids, thiab muaj ib tug muaj zog txo lub peev xwm, yog ib tug by-product ntawm coking. Qhov ntxiv ntawmformic acid Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj qhov sib ntxiv ntawm inorganic acids xws li H2SO4 thiab HCl, vim hais tias cov inorganic acids tsuas muaj acidifying los, thiab formic acid Tsis tuaj yeem txo qis pH tus nqi ntawm silage, tab sis tseem inhibit cov nroj tsuag ua pa thiab cov kab mob tsis zoo (Clostridium, bacillus thiab qee cov kab mob gram-tsis zoo) fermentation. Ntxiv rau,formic acid tuaj yeem decomposed rau hauv tsis muaj tshuaj lom CO2 thiab CH4 hauv cov tsiaj nyeg thaum lub sij hawm silage thiab rumen zom, thiabformic acid nws tus kheej kuj tuaj yeem nqus tau thiab siv tau. Cov silage ua los ntawm formic acid muaj ci ntsuab xim, muaj ntxhiab tsw thiab zoo, thiab qhov poob ntawm cov protein decomposition tsuas yog 0.3 ~ 0.5, thaum feem ntau silage nws yog mus txog 1.1 ~ 1.3. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntxiv formic acid rau alfalfa thiab clover silage, lub crude fiber raug txo los ntawm 5.2 ~ 6.4, thiab cov crude fiber txo tau hydrolyzed rau hauv oligosaccharides, uas yuav absorbed thiab siv los ntawm cov tsiaj, thaum lub crude fiber tsuas yog txo. los ntawm 1.1 ~ 1.3. Ntxiv rau, ntxivformic acidrau silage tuaj yeem ua rau poob ntawm carotene, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus thiab lwm yam as-ham tsawg dua li cov silage.
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2.1 Cov nyhuv ntawm formic acid ntawm pH
Txawm tiasformic acid yog cov kua qaub tshaj plaws ntawm tsev neeg fatty acid, nws tsis muaj zog ntau dua li cov inorganic acids siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem AIV. Txhawm rau txo cov pH ntawm cov qoob loo kom qis dua 4.0,formic acid feem ntau tsis siv ntau ntau. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm formic acid tuaj yeem txo tus nqi pH sai sai ntawm thawj theem ntawm silage, tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kawg pH tus nqi ntawm silage. Qhov degree rau qhov twgformic acid hloov pH kuj cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam. Tus nqi ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid (LAB) txo qis los ntawm ib nrab thiab pH ntawm silage nce me ntsis los ntawm kev ntxiv85 formic acid4 ml / kg rau zaub silage. Thaum twg formic acid (5ml / kg) tau ntxiv rau forage silage, LAB txo los ntawm 55 thiab pH nce ntawm 3.70 mus rau 3.91. Cov nyhuv ntawmformic acid ntawm silage raw cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis muaj dej soluble carbohydrates (WSC) cov ntsiab lus. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, lawv tau kho alfalfa silage nrog qis (1.5ml / kg), nruab nrab (3.0ml / kg), thiab siab (6.0ml / kg) qib ntawm85 formic acid. Cov txiaj ntsig Cov pH qis dua li ntawm pawg tswj hwm, tab sis nrog kev nce ntawmformic acidconcentration, pH poob ntawm 5.35 mus rau 4.20. Rau cov qoob loo ntau dua, xws li cov nyom nyom, yuav tsum muaj cov kua qaub ntau ntxiv kom coj pH mus rau qhov xav tau. Nws tau pom zoo tias qhov kev siv cov qib tsim nyog ntawm alfalfa yog 5 ~ 6ml / kg.
2.2 Cov teebmeem ntawmformic acid ntawm microflora
Zoo li lwm cov fatty acids, cov nyhuv antibacterial ntawmformic acid yog vim muaj ob qho kev cuam tshuam, ib qho yog cov nyhuv ntawm hydrogen ion concentration, thiab lwm yam yog kev xaiv cov kua qaub tsis pub dawb rau cov kab mob. Nyob rau hauv tib lub fatty acid series, hydrogen ion concentration txo nrog qhov nce ntawm molecular hnyav, tab sis cov nyhuv antibacterial nce, thiab cov cuab yeej no tuaj yeem nce tsawg kawg yog C12 acid. Nws tau txiav txim siab tiasformic acid muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm inhibiting kab mob loj hlob thaum pH tus nqi yog 4. Cov txheej txheem nqes hav ntsuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawmformic acid, thiab nws pom tias cov kab mob Pediococcus thiab Streptococcus tau raug cuam tshuam tag nrho ntawm ib qhoformic acid4.5 ml / kg. Txawm li cas los xij, lactobacilli (L. Buchneri L. Cesei thiab L. platarum) tsis tau inhibited kiag li. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis, thiab B. Brevis tau loj hlob hauv 4.5ml / kg ntawm formic acid. Qhov ntxiv ntawm 85 formic acid(4ml / kg) thiab 50 sulfuric acid (3ml / kg), feem, txo cov pH ntawm silage mus rau qib zoo sib xws, thiab pom tias formic acid ho tiv thaiv LAB (66g / kgDM hauv formic acid pawg, 122 hauv pawg tswj hwm. , 102 nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid pawg), yog li khaws cia ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm WSC (211g / kg nyob rau hauv formic acid pab pawg neeg, 12 nyob rau hauv tswj pab pawg neeg, 12 nyob rau hauv acid pab pawg neeg). Cov pab pawg sulfuric acid yog 64), uas tuaj yeem muab qee qhov kev siv zog ntxiv rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob rumen. Cov poov xab muaj kev zam tshwj xeeb rauformic acid, thiab coob tus ntawm cov kab mob no tau pom nyob rau hauv silage raw cov ntaub ntawv kho nrog pom zoo qib ntawmformic acid. Lub xub ntiag thiab kev ua ntawm poov xab nyob rau hauv silage yog undesirable. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej anaerobic, cov poov xab ferments qab zib kom tau lub zog, tsim ethanol thiab txo cov khoom qhuav.Formic acid muaj cov nyhuv inhibitory tseem ceeb ntawm Clostridium difficile thiab cov kab mob hauv plab, tab sis lub zog ntawm cov nyhuv yog nyob ntawm qhov concentration ntawm cov kua qaub siv, thiab cov concentrations tsawg.formic acid tiag tiag txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm qee cov heterobacteria. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm inhibiting enterobacter, ntxiv ntawmformic acid txo pH, tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm enterobacter tsis tuaj yeem txo, tab sis kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid inhibited enterobacter, vim tias cov nyhuv ntawm lactic acid.formic acid ntawm enterobacter tsawg dua li cov kab mob lactic acid. Lawv tau sau tseg tias theem nrab (3 txog 4ml / kg) ntawmformic acid tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kab mob lactic acid ntau dua li enterobacter, ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau fermentation; Siab dua me ntsis formic acid Cov qib inhibited ob leeg Lactobacillus thiab enterobacter. Los ntawm kev kawm ntawm perennial ryegrass nrog 360g / kg DM cov ntsiab lus, nws tau pom tiasformic acid (3.5g / kg) tuaj yeem txo tag nrho cov kab mob, tab sis tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob lactic acid. Cov pob loj ntawm alfalfa (DM 25, DM 35, DM 40) silage tau kho nrog formic acid (4.0 ml / kg, 8.0ml / kg). Cov silage tau inoculated nrog clostridium thiab Aspergillus flavus. Tom qab 120 hnub,formic acid tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tus naj npawb ntawm clostridium, tab sis tau ua tiav inhibition nyob rau tom kawg.Formic acid kuj txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob Fusarium.
2.3 Cov teebmeem ntawmFormic acidon silage composition Cov teebmeem ntawmformic acid ntawm silage tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg sib txawv nrog rau qib thov, hom nroj tsuag, theem kev loj hlob, DM thiab WSC cov ntsiab lus, thiab cov txheej txheem silage.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau nrog cov saw flail, qisformic acid Kev kho mob tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv Clostridium, uas tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm cov proteins, thiab tsuas yog cov qib siab ntawm formic acid tuaj yeem khaws cia zoo. Nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv finely tws, tag nrho cov formic acid kho silage yog zoo khaws cia. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm DM, protein nitrogen thiab lactic acid nyob rau hauvformic acidpawg tau nce, thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawmacetic acid thiab ammonia nitrogen tau txo qis. Nrog nce ntawmformic acid concentration,acetic acid thiab lactic acid txo qis, WSC thiab protein nitrogen nce. Thaum twgformic acid (4.5ml / kg) tau ntxiv rau alfalfa silage, piv nrog rau pawg tswj hwm, cov ntsiab lus ntawm lactic acid txo qis me ntsis, soluble qab zib nce, thiab lwm yam khoom tsis hloov ntau. Thaum twg formic acid tau ntxiv rau cov qoob loo nplua nuj nyob rau hauv WSC, lactic acid fermentation yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov silage tau zoo khaws cia.Formic acid txwv kev tsim khoom ntawmacetic acid thiab lactic acid thiab khaws cia WSC. Siv 6 qib (0, 0.4, 1.0,. Rygrass-clover silage nrog DM cov ntsiab lus ntawm 203g / kg tau kho nrogformic acid (85)2.0, 4.1, 7.7 ml / kg. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias WSC tau nce ntxiv nrog qhov nce ntawm formic acid theem, ammonia nitrogen thiab acetic acid ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm lactic acid nce ua ntej thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb no kuj pom tau tias thaum cov qib siab (4.1 thiab 7.7 ml / kg) ntawmformic acid tau siv, WSC cov ntsiab lus hauv silage yog 211 thiab 250g / kgDM, feem, uas tshaj qhov pib WSC ntawm silage raw khoom (199g / kgDM). Nws tau kwv yees tias qhov ua rau tuaj yeem yog hydrolysis ntawm polysaccharides thaum khaws cia. Cov txiaj ntsig Cov lactic acid,acetic acid thiab ammonia nitrogen ntawm silage hauvformic acidpab pawg tau qis dua cov pab pawg tswj hwm, tab sis tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau lwm yam. Tag nrho cov barley thiab pobkws sau nyob rau hauv wax ripening theem tau kho nrog 85 formic acid (0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5mlkg-1), thiab soluble qab zib cov ntsiab lus ntawm pob kws silage tau nce ntau, thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm lactic acid, acetic acid thiab ammonia nitrogen tau txo qis. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lactic acid hauv barley silage txo qis, ammonia nitrogen thiabacetic acid kuj txo, tab sis tsis pom tseeb, thiab soluble qab zib nce.
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Qhov kev sim siab lees paub tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm formic acidsilage tau txais txiaj ntsig los txhim kho kev yeem pub noj ntawm silage qhuav teeb meem thiab kev ua haujlwm tsiaj txhu. Ntxivformic acidsilage ncaj qha tom qab sau tuaj yeem ua rau pom tseeb digestibility ntawm cov organic teeb meem 7, thaum wilting silage tsuas yog nce 2. Thaum lub zog digestibility raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, formic acid kev kho kom zoo dua los ntawm tsawg dua 2. Tom qab ntau qhov kev sim, nws ntseeg tau tias cov ntaub ntawv. Organic digestibility yog biased vim poob ntawm fermentation. Qhov kev sim pub mis kuj pom tau tias qhov nruab nrab qhov hnyav nce ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg yog 71 thiab cov wilting silage yog 27. Tsis tas li ntawd, formic acid silage txhim kho cov kua mis ntau lawm2. Kev sim pub mis nrog quav nyab thiab formic acid npaj nrog tib cov ntaub ntawv raw tau pom tias silage tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua mis ntau ntxiv ntawm cov nyuj. Qhov feem pua nce ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauvformic acid Kev kho mob tau qis dua hauv cov kua mis ntau dua li qhov hnyav nce. Ntxiv cov formic acid txaus rau cov nroj tsuag nyuaj (xws li nqaij qaib ko taw nyom, alfalfa) muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua tsiaj txhu. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawmformic acid Kev kho mob ntawm alfalfa silage (3.63 ~ 4.8ml / kg) qhia tau hais tias cov organic digestibility, cov khoom qhuav kom tsawg thiab niaj hnub nce ntawm formic acid silage nyob rau hauv nyuj thiab yaj tau ntau dua li cov nyob rau hauv pawg tswj.
Kev nce txhua hnub ntawm cov yaj hauv pawg tswj hwm txawm tias pom qhov tsis zoo nce ntxiv. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm formic acid rau WSC cov nroj tsuag nplua nuj nrog cov ntsiab lus DM nruab nrab (190-220g / kg) feem ntau tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov tsiaj txhu ua haujlwm. Ryegrass silage nrog formic acid (2.6ml / kg) tau ua tiav hauv kev sim pub mis. Txawm tiasformic acid silage nce qhov hnyav nce 11 piv nrog kev tswj hwm, qhov sib txawv tsis tseem ceeb. Lub digestibility ntawm ob silages ntsuas nyob rau hauv yaj yog zoo ib yam. Pub cov pob kws silage rau cov nyuj noj tau pom tiasformic acidme ntsis nce silage qhuav teeb meem kom tsawg, tab sis tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kua mis. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv me me ntawm kev siv lub zog ntawmformic acid silage. Hauv kev sim ntawm yaj, lub zog metabolizable concentration ntawm cov teeb meem qhuav thiab kev saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm silage tau siab dua li cov quav nyab thiab quav nyab tau sau rau hauv peb lub sijhawm loj hlob. Kev sib piv tus nqi hluav taws xob nrog cov quav nyab thiab formic acid silage pom tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev hloov lub zog metabolic rau hauv lub zog. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm formic acid rau cov nyom nyom tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv nws cov protein.
Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias formic acid kev kho cov nyom thiab alfalfa tuaj yeem txhim kho kev siv nitrogen hauv silage, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev zom zaub mov. Tus nqi degradation ntawm ensilage nitrogen kho nrog formic acid nyob rau hauv rumen accounted txog li 50 ~ 60% ntawm tag nrho cov nitrogen.
Nws tuaj yeem pom tias lub zog thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm formic acid silage hauv rumen synthesis ntawm thallus proteins raug txo. Qhov dynamic degradation tus nqi ntawm cov khoom qhuav hauv rumen tau txhim kho zoo nrogformic acid silage. Txawm hais tias formic acid silage tuaj yeem txo cov ammonia ntau lawm, nws tuaj yeem txo qhov digestibility ntawm cov proteins hauv rumen thiab hnyuv.
4. Mixing nyhuv ntawm formic acid nrog rau lwm yam khoom
4.1Formic acid thiab formaldehyde yog sib xyaw hauv ntau lawm, thiab formic acidib leeg yog siv los kho silage, uas yog kim thiab corrosive; Lub digestibility thiab qhuav teeb meem ntawm cov tsiaj txhu tau txo qis thaum cov silage tau kho nrog siab concentration formic acid. Tsawg concentrations ntawm formic acid txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm clostridium. Nws feem ntau ntseeg tau tias kev sib xyaw ntawm formic acid thiab formaldehyde nrog qis concentration muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua. Formic acid feem ntau ua raws li cov fermentation inhibitor, thaum formaldehyde tiv thaiv cov proteins los ntawm ntau dhau-decomposition hauv rumen.
Piv nrog rau pawg tswj hwm, qhov nce txhua hnub tau nce los ntawm 67 thiab cov kua mis tawm los ntawm kev ntxiv formic acid thiab formaldehyde. Hinks et al. (1980) ua kev sib xyaw ntawm rygrassformic acid silage (3.14g / kg) thiab formic acid (2.86g / kg) -formaldehyde (1.44g / kg), thiab ntsuas qhov digestibility ntawm silage nrog yaj, thiab ua kev sim pub mis nrog cov nyuj loj hlob. Cov txiaj ntsig tau muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis hauv kev zom zaub mov ntawm ob hom silage, tab sis lub zog metabolizable ntawm formic-formaldehyde silage tau nce siab dua.formic acid silage ib leeg. Lub zog metabolizable tau txais thiab nce txhua hnub ntawm formic-formaldehyde silage tau nce siab dua. formic acid silage ib leeg thaum nyuj tau noj silage thiab barley ntxiv nrog 1.5 kg ib hnub twg. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ntxiv uas muaj txog 2.8ml / kg ntawmformic acid thiab qib qis ntawm formaldehyde (kwv yees li 19g / kg ntawm cov protein) yuav yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov qoob loo pasture.
4.2Formic acid tov nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg ua ke ntawmformic acid thiab lom additives tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm silage. Cattail nyom (DM 17.2) tau siv los ua raw khoom, formic acid thiab lactobacillus tau ntxiv rau silage. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov kab mob lactic acid tsim ntau dua nyob rau theem pib ntawm silage, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau inhibiting fermentation ntawm cov kab mob phem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus lactic acid kawg ntawm silage tau siab dua li cov silage zoo tib yam thiab formic acid silage, lactic acid qib tau nce 50 ~ 90, thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm propyl, butyric acid thiab ammonia nitrogen tau txo qis. . Qhov piv ntawm lactic acid rau acetic acid (L / A) tau nce ntxiv, qhia tias cov kab mob lactic acid tau nce qib ntawm homogeneous fermentation thaum lub sij hawm silage.
5 Cov ntsiab lus
Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov saum toj no tias qhov tsim nyog ntawm formic acid nyob rau hauv silage muaj feem xyuam rau cov hom qoob loo thiab ntau lub sijhawm sau qoob loo. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm formic acid txo pH, ammonia nitrogen cov ntsiab lus, thiab khaws cov suab thaj ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nyhuv ntawm kev ntxivformic acidNyob rau hauv lub digestibility ntawm cov organic teeb meem thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg tseem yuav tsum tau kawm ntxiv.
Post lub sij hawm: Jun-06-2024